TY - JOUR ID - 77852 TI - Management of Refractory Diabetic Macular Edema: A Review Article JO - International Journal of Medical Reviews JA - IJMR LA - en SN - 2345-525X AU - Torabi, Hamidreza AD - Health Management Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Y1 - 2018 PY - 2018 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 27 EP - 34 KW - Diabetes Mellitus KW - Macular Edema KW - Intravitreal Injection KW - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor KW - Vitrectomy DO - 10.29252/IJMR-050105 N2 - Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of visual impairment worldwide. Visual reduction in patients with DR is usually related to diabetic macular edema (DME). Today, the intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) is replacing macular laser photocoagulation as the standard treatment for DME; however, in some patients, incomplete responses to the anti-VEGF injection, defined as refractory DME, may occur. Currently, the sequence of using one treatment option and the timing to switch from one agent to another is not fully understood, and the data from clinical trials on the appropriate approach to manage refractory DME is insufficient. In the current study, a review was conducted to evaluate therapeutic options for the management of refractory DME. UR - https://www.ijmedrev.com/article_77852.html L1 - https://www.ijmedrev.com/article_77852_6b6d8fa4b9612c29b45f0b0e4452e38c.pdf ER -