Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Medical Reviews2345-525X5320180930Cognitive-Behaviorism and Experientialism in Emergency Medicine Training: From Theory to Practice in a Teaching Hospital87898118210.29252/IJMR-050301ENTaiwoAkhigbeDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Altnagelvin Hospital, Northern Ireland, UKJournal Article20180530Learning theories can be important in developing result-producing and sound teaching methods if not viewed as merely academic concepts in emergency medicine education. Several learning theories have been encountered and utilized in our emergency department (ED). Most times, learning can be self-directed, self-motivated, lifelong learning. However, the drawbacks of applying learning theories in our ED are that the teaching is not well-structured or systematic, the environment can be very challenging on busy days, and effective learning under such conditions can be limited. Despite the busy and tension-soaked environment in an ED, learning is still very possible for motivated trainees who understand the dynamics of learning and teaching theories. Understanding disease demands that trainees be knowledgeable, skillful, and capable of self-directed, lifelong learning.https://www.ijmedrev.com/article_81182_f64b80080d773c653f03c03d50e2282c.pdfBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Medical Reviews2345-525X5320180930Concentration of Fluoride in Different Types of Common Tea and Tea Bag in Iran90938150310.29252/IJMR-050302ENRezaSadeghnezhadStudent Research Committee, Faculty of Health, Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IranSeyyed AbbasHashemiImmunogenetic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IranMohammadZahediDepartment of Laboratory Sciences, Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IranJournal Article20180712<strong>Introduction:</strong>Tea is one of the most popular/ consumed beverages in the world, which is made from the dry leaves of <em>Camellia sinensis</em>. The fluoride content of tea has been reported at least 0.02 ppm to 4.65 ppm. If the tea has low level of fluoride or affected by factors, it can increase risk of tooth caries, and cause of premature loss of teeth, reduced buccal strength, nutritional disorders, and cosmetic imperfections. On the other hand, when fluoride systemic absorption is higher than normal level (0.05-0.07 mg fluoride /kg body weight /day), raise the risk of fluorosis and osteoarthritis.<br /> <strong>Methods: </strong>The fluoride concentrations in different types of common tea in Iran, were collected through a literature search and published data publicly available. The` literature sources used in this research mainly included, PubMed, Science direct, IranMedex, SID and Google scholar database from 1990 to 2017, as well as original research articles that reported fluoride concentrations in different types of tea Articles published in both Persian and English languages were also used in this research.<br /> <strong>Results:</strong> In the first part of the study, we received about 53 updated articles, subsequently, these papers were distributed among the authors. After reading the articles and sharing their thoughts and opinions with each other. Eventually, 10 articles were selected that completely related to the topic. The quantitative data analysis and comparison were carried out on the fluoride concentrations in different types of common tea in Iran, as well as the values reported in the literature versus the allowable concentration level according to the WHO guideline. The minimum allowable concentration of fluoride (2-4 mg/L) is represented by, which also revealed that most of the selected different types of tea don't match the reference guideline. The fluoride concentrations for various types of tea were found to be less than 2 mg/L.<br /> <strong>Conclusions: </strong>Considering that the World Health Organization recommends a maximum daily fluoride intake of 2 mg per day for children and 4 mg per day for adults the daily consumption of drinking water and the average fluoride of tea calculated in this study, the amount of daily tea consumption should be managed.https://www.ijmedrev.com/article_81503_d835b8549dd68a4ddd1f1830b863c2f7.pdfBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Medical Reviews2345-525X5320180930Efflux Pump Inhibitors Derived From Natural Sources as Novel Antibacterial Agents Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Review941058079710.29252/IJMR-050303ENDavoodIman IslamiehDepartment of Microbiology and Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDavoudAfsharDepartment of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, IranMasoudYousefiDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, IranDavoudEsmaeiliDepartment of Microbiology and Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJournal Article20180517Infections resulting from <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </em>are important due to their highest resistance against all clinically used antibiotics. To date, 11 different efflux pumps of the RND family in <em>P. aeruginosa </em>that enable the efflux of antibiotics/anti-microbial production have been detected. Carvacrol of <em>Satureja khuzestanica </em>is one of the most effective compounds with the ability to affect bacteria. This study aimed to evaluate herbal compounds with inhibitory activities. These pumps include MexAB-OprM, MexCD-OprJ, MexEF-OprN, MexGHI-OpmD, MexJK-OprM/OpmH, MexMN, MexPQ-OpmE, MexVW-OprM, MexXY-OprM, TriABC-OpmH, and MuxABC-OpmB (1). Unfortunately, among bacteria, <em>P. aeruginosa </em>are highly resistant to drug compounds (3). Because of this high resistance, its importance in nosocomial infections and burns, and that it often causes diseases in immunocompromised patients, finding a therapeutic supplement is essential. In this study, drug compounds against efflux pump genes were sought.https://www.ijmedrev.com/article_80797_4a018b8567118c4c28865abb748865c6.pdfBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Medical Reviews2345-525X5320180930Gene Therapy: A New Approach in Modern Medicine1061178032610.29252/IJMR-050304ENAzamYazdaniDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Shahed University, Tehran, IranZahraAlirezaieDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Shahed University, Tehran, IranMohammad JavadMotamediGreen Gene Company, Tehran, IranJafarAmaniApplied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJournal Article20180610In general, gene therapy is the transfer of a genetic material to treat a disease, or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient. One way gene therapy works is to turn viruses into genetic vectors that carry the gene of interest to the target cells. Based on the genome’s nature, these vectors are divided into RNA-based or DNA-based viral vectors. Most RNA-based vectors are derived from simple retroviruses, such as the murine leukemia virus. One major drawback of these viruses is that they are not transferred to non-dividing cells (post-mitotic cells). This problem can be solved by using new retroviral vectors derived from lentiviruses, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). DNA-based vectors originate from adeno-viruses and adeno-associated viruses (AAVs). An example of gene deletion due to gene therapy is the deletion of the human CCR5 gene in T cells (which control HIV infection). Although available vector systems have the ability to transfer genes to living cells (in the human body), an ideal vector for gene delivery has not yet been found. Therefore, the current viral vectors should be used with great caution in human cases. Moreover, the development of new vectors is necessary.https://www.ijmedrev.com/article_80326_192890f8746aeebb154b816db8633a14.pdfBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Medical Reviews2345-525X5320180930Molecular Mechanisms of Resistance to Conventional Antibiotics in Bacteria1181298112210.29252/IJMR-050305ENSomayehMalmirNanobiotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMaedehBahreinianDepartment of Molecular Genetics, Research Center for Biosciences and Biotechnology, Malek Ashtar University, Tehran, IranSamanehZahiri YeganehDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, IranRezaMirnejadMolecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMehrdadMoosazadeh MoghaddamApplied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-4645-8661FatemehSaberiBiotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJournal Article20180418In the early years of the 20th century, the medical world was able to discover drugs that can eliminate microbial infections, and in the mid-twentieth century gradually began the clinical application of these drugs as antibiotics. Soon, however, scientists found that some microbes become resistant to these drugs and began attempts to identify new antibiotics. At the same time, microbes were also considering changes to escape the effects of antibiotics. The reality is that, like any other living creature, microorganisms, especially bacteria, adapt to their surroundings in order to survive. Therefore, the bacteria that were already affected by one or more antibiotics became resistant to them. Classically, drug resistance in bacteria is attributed to chromosomal mutations, but chiefly, it seems that it is associated with extra-chromosomal elements acquired from environmental bacteria. Accordingly, this review investigated the molecular mechanisms that lead to drug resistance in bacteria.https://www.ijmedrev.com/article_81122_c5c745586cef0486235073bf767f1c7c.pdfBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Medical Reviews2345-525X5320180901Genetic Analysis and Genealogy of Ancient Bone Samples1301348032910.29252/IJMR-050306ENMaryamRamezaniHuman Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran, IranMahmoodTavallaiHuman Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran, IranPeymanZargariHuman Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran, IranHasanBahmaniHuman Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran, IranSajadHabibiHuman Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran, IranMostafaKhafaeiHuman Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran, IranZeinabSalehiHuman Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran, IranRahelehTabkhiHuman Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran, IranSomaiehChavoshiHuman Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran, IranAtefehGhotbiHuman Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran, IranFatemehGhotbiHuman Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran, IranAliMohammadiHuman Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran, IranJournal Article20180703The analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA) can inspire both the public and the scientific community. Knowing about ancient human genomes and comparing them with those of modern humans can give us a new perspective on evolution and the migration of humans over time. aDNA is DNA isolated from ancient specimens. It can also be loosely described as any DNA recovered from biological samples that have not been preserved specifically for later DNA analysis. Examples include DNA recovered from archaeological and historical skeletal material, mummified tissues, archival collections of non-frozen medical specimens, preserved plant remains, ice and permafrost cores, Holocene plankton in marine and lake sediments, and so on. Due to considerable anthropological, archaeological, and public interest, human remains receive ample attention from the DNA community. Genetic genealogy is the use of DNA testing in combination with traditional genealogical methods to infer relationships between individuals and to find ancestors. Genetic genealogy involves the use of genealogical DNA testing to determine the level and type of genetic relationship between individuals. DNA markers such as autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), Y SNPs, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) SNPs are used. By analyzing the sequence of mtDNA and the Y-chromosome, the path of human migration throughout history and the common ancestor of humans can be identified. mtDNA analysis is a field of research in genetics and molecular archaeology that is efficient in less than ideal conditions, such as with biologically degraded materials. The mtDNA molecule not only has a high copy number, but it can also be extracted from very decayed biological specimens. Its D-loop region is polymorphic, consisting of two hypervariable regions (HVI and HVII) with a large variety in different human populations. The analysis of such mtDNA regions using ancient excavated human bones will determine the genetic composition of human mtDNA known as haplogroups and can be used to identify ancient ethnic groups, trace descendants of ancestors, and follow man’s migration trails.https://www.ijmedrev.com/article_80329_d6e92e1e71619d46524ef16a8bb44671.pdfBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Medical Reviews2345-525X5320180930Hellenic “Death Race”: The Emerging Greek RTA-Epidemic and its Similarities to Iranian RTAs1351368049510.29252/IJMR-050307ENGregoryTsoucalasHellenic Reference Centre for Alzheimer Disease and Related Dementia Syndromes, Neurology Clinic Agios Georgios, Alykes, Volos, GreeceHistory of Medicine, Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, GreeceJournal Article20180820https://www.ijmedrev.com/article_80495_35f645ea8b7a2f81ffaeb147caa30032.pdf