Introduction: Bone cement implantation syndrome (BCIS) represents a potentially life-threatening complication of orthopaedic surgery. It poses a risk of intraoperative mortality and morbidity, particularly prevalent in cemented hip arthroplasty procedures. It can also present postoperatively in a milder form, leading to hypoxia and disorientation. With the increasing number of hip replacement surgeries, particularly among older adults, the risk of BCIS rises correspondingly .
Methods: In this literature review, we conducted a thorough, comprehensive search of academic databases. We identified relevant studies published in the last 8 years regarding BCIS following arthroplasty surgery.
Results: Twenty-two studies were identified. The studies suggested that people who have cemented hip hemiarthroplasty to fix a broken femur neck are more likely to experience BCIS. While severe BCIS is uncommon, it can be very serious, often resulting in death shortly after surgery or within 30 days. To prevent this, doctors should carefully assess patients before surgery, looking for risk factors like high ASA scores, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and medications like diuretics or blood thinners. More research is needed to improve treatment options for BCIS and better understand what causes it.
Conclusion: The full understanding of BCIS remains elusive. This article offers a review of BCIS, covering its definition, occurrence, risk factors, causes, mechanism, clinical symptoms, preventive measures, and treatment.